1fa. IcingThe formation of ice onto aircraft, icing, can create a
serious hazard to aircraft. In the period from 1997 to 2006, icing was
responsible for 10 percent of all weather-related accidents and 22
percent of those involving fatalities. Icing most commonly forms on the
body of an aircraft (structural icing), but ice can also develop within
the air intake system (induction icing) and cause the engine to shut
down.Effects of IcingEven a relatively thin film of ice can have a
drastic effect on the aerodynamics of a plane, increasing drag (wind
resistance), reducing the amount of lift provided by the wings, lowering
the stall speed, and hindering aircraft maneuverability. Ice also adds
additional weight to the aircraft, although this effect is secondary
relative to that of the aerodynamic impacts.Forms of Structural
IcingStructural icing usually occurs in one of the following three
forms:Clear ice. Sometimes called glazed ice, this type of ice is
translucent and has a smooth appearance. It is caused when a plane flies
through a cloud containing supercooled drops that slowly freeze onto
the wings and fuselage. This type of ice occurs at temperatures not far
below the freezing point of water, so that the water spreads from the
leading edge of the plane and migrates slowly backward, gradually
forming a continuous film of ice. Although it generally maintains a
continuous coating, the ice can also form lumps and undulations, causing
even greater impacts on the plane’s aerodynamics.Rime. Rime ice usually
forms at lower temperatures than does clear ice, generally within the
range of −10 °C to −20 °C (14 °F to −4 °F). At these lower temperatures
water can freeze rapidly and entrap small amounts of air, giving it a
rough, milky appearance. Because the ice forms quickly, the water does
not flow across a wing or fuselage prior to freezing. It instead
accumulates at the front of the plane.Mixed ice. This is the most common
form of icing, consisting of a combination of clear ice and
rime.Distribution of IcingAircraft icing is most threatening when clouds
contain a large amount of supercooled liquid water. As shown in Figure
5-4-1, winter icing is more likely to occur near British
Columbia-Washington State, the coast of Alaska, over the eastern Great
Lakes, and over extreme eastern Canada Pilots must know what to do if
icing occurs, but it is absolutely essential that they anticipate its
formation before taking off and while in flight. The NationalWeather
Service Aviation Weather Center provides detailed information on current
icing conditions at http://aviationweather/.gov/adds/icing (Figure
5-4-2).FIGURE 5-4-1 Occurrence of November-March Icing Across North
America....FIGURE 5-4-2 Icing Maps for Aviation, The National Weather
Service Aviation Weather Center provides up-to-date information on icing
conditions...Explain how icing presents a danger to aircraft. Get solution
2fa. IcingThe formation of ice onto aircraft, icing, can create a serious hazard to aircraft. In the period from 1997 to 2006, icing was responsible for 10 percent of all weather-related accidents and 22 percent of those involving fatalities. Icing most commonly forms on the body of an aircraft (structural icing), but ice can also develop within the air intake system (induction icing) and cause the engine to shut down.Effects of IcingEven a relatively thin film of ice can have a drastic effect on the aerodynamics of a plane, increasing drag (wind resistance), reducing the amount of lift provided by the wings, lowering the stall speed, and hindering aircraft maneuverability. Ice also adds additional weight to the aircraft, although this effect is secondary relative to that of the aerodynamic impacts.Forms of Structural IcingStructural icing usually occurs in one of the following three forms:Clear ice. Sometimes called glazed ice, this type of ice is translucent and has a smooth appearance. It is caused when a plane flies through a cloud containing supercooled drops that slowly freeze onto the wings and fuselage. This type of ice occurs at temperatures not far below the freezing point of water, so that the water spreads from the leading edge of the plane and migrates slowly backward, gradually forming a continuous film of ice. Although it generally maintains a continuous coating, the ice can also form lumps and undulations, causing even greater impacts on the plane’s aerodynamics.Rime. Rime ice usually forms at lower temperatures than does clear ice, generally within the range of −10 °C to −20 °C (14 °F to −4 °F). At these lower temperatures water can freeze rapidly and entrap small amounts of air, giving it a rough, milky appearance. Because the ice forms quickly, the water does not flow across a wing or fuselage prior to freezing. It instead accumulates at the front of the plane.Mixed ice. This is the most common form of icing, consisting of a combination of clear ice and rime.Distribution of IcingAircraft icing is most threatening when clouds contain a large amount of supercooled liquid water. As shown in Figure 5-4-1, winter icing is more likely to occur near British Columbia-Washington State, the coast of Alaska, over the eastern Great Lakes, and over extreme eastern Canada Pilots must know what to do if icing occurs, but it is absolutely essential that they anticipate its formation before taking off and while in flight. The NationalWeather Service Aviation Weather Center provides detailed information on current icing conditions at http://aviationweather/.gov/adds/icing (Figure 5-4-2).FIGURE 5-4-1 Occurrence of November-March Icing Across North America....FIGURE 5-4-2 Icing Maps for Aviation, The National Weather Service Aviation Weather Center provides up-to-date information on icing conditions...What are two possible types of icing that can form on an aircraft? Get solution
2fa. IcingThe formation of ice onto aircraft, icing, can create a serious hazard to aircraft. In the period from 1997 to 2006, icing was responsible for 10 percent of all weather-related accidents and 22 percent of those involving fatalities. Icing most commonly forms on the body of an aircraft (structural icing), but ice can also develop within the air intake system (induction icing) and cause the engine to shut down.Effects of IcingEven a relatively thin film of ice can have a drastic effect on the aerodynamics of a plane, increasing drag (wind resistance), reducing the amount of lift provided by the wings, lowering the stall speed, and hindering aircraft maneuverability. Ice also adds additional weight to the aircraft, although this effect is secondary relative to that of the aerodynamic impacts.Forms of Structural IcingStructural icing usually occurs in one of the following three forms:Clear ice. Sometimes called glazed ice, this type of ice is translucent and has a smooth appearance. It is caused when a plane flies through a cloud containing supercooled drops that slowly freeze onto the wings and fuselage. This type of ice occurs at temperatures not far below the freezing point of water, so that the water spreads from the leading edge of the plane and migrates slowly backward, gradually forming a continuous film of ice. Although it generally maintains a continuous coating, the ice can also form lumps and undulations, causing even greater impacts on the plane’s aerodynamics.Rime. Rime ice usually forms at lower temperatures than does clear ice, generally within the range of −10 °C to −20 °C (14 °F to −4 °F). At these lower temperatures water can freeze rapidly and entrap small amounts of air, giving it a rough, milky appearance. Because the ice forms quickly, the water does not flow across a wing or fuselage prior to freezing. It instead accumulates at the front of the plane.Mixed ice. This is the most common form of icing, consisting of a combination of clear ice and rime.Distribution of IcingAircraft icing is most threatening when clouds contain a large amount of supercooled liquid water. As shown in Figure 5-4-1, winter icing is more likely to occur near British Columbia-Washington State, the coast of Alaska, over the eastern Great Lakes, and over extreme eastern Canada Pilots must know what to do if icing occurs, but it is absolutely essential that they anticipate its formation before taking off and while in flight. The NationalWeather Service Aviation Weather Center provides detailed information on current icing conditions at http://aviationweather/.gov/adds/icing (Figure 5-4-2).FIGURE 5-4-1 Occurrence of November-March Icing Across North America....FIGURE 5-4-2 Icing Maps for Aviation, The National Weather Service Aviation Weather Center provides up-to-date information on icing conditions...What are two possible types of icing that can form on an aircraft? Get solution
