1c. What happens to light if it enters a medium of higher density? Get solution
1ct. Consider the way the apparent position of the Sun sweeps across the sky over the course of the day (see Chapter 2). How will the period of twilight vary between summer and winter where you live? Will twilight conditions generally last longer in the tropics or in the high latitudes? After answering this question, go to Question 1 in the Problems and Exercises section and check to see if your answer was correct. Get solution
1. Refer to the website http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/RST_defs.php#top, and look up the definitions of civil, nautical, and astronomical twilight. Then use the available tables to determine the length of day where you live for March 21, June 21, September 21, and December 21 of the current year, Does the length of day show significant differences using each of the three definitions of twilight? How do these differences vary throughout the year? Get solution
1rq. What is refraction and why is it related to variations in atmospheric density? Get solution
1va. Observe the optical phenomenon shown in this image and identify the type of cloud that must be present to create that feature.... Get solution
2c. What direction does light bend if it moves through a medium of varying density? Get solution
2ct. Can falling ice crystals produce rainbows? Explain why or why not. Get solution
2. On hot, sunny days, look for the presence of mirages. Are they equally apparent in all directions? If not, why do you think that might be the case? Also, check to see how long they remain visible. Do they still persist at sunset? Get solution
2rq. Describe the way refraction alters the apparent position of the setting or rising Sun. Get solution
2va. What do you know about the composition of the cloud, based on the presence of this optical feature?... Get solution
3c. At sunset is the Sun above or below the horizon? Explain why. Get solution
3ct. Can altostratus clouds produce halos? Explain why or why not. Get solution
3rq. Do longer or shorter wavelengths of light undergo greater refraction when passing through the atmosphere? How does the differential refraction cause an apparent banding of the Sun near the horizon? Get solution
3va. What type of change in the cloud would be needed for it to produce a corona instead of the existing feature?... Get solution
4c. What accounts for the reddish color of light near sunrise or sunset? Get solution
4ct. Which of the optical phenomena described in this chapter are most likely to occur where you live? Are they equally likely to appear at all times of the year? Get solution
4rq. Which type of vertical temperature gradient promotes the appearance of superior and inferior mirages? Get solution
4va. What conditions would have to exist with regard to the cloud composition and its orientation with regard to a viewer for it to produce a sun pillar?... Get solution
5c. What are inferior mirages and superior mirages? Get solution
5ct. In Chapter 3 we discussed Rayleigh, Mie, and nonselective scattering. What similarities and dissimilarities exist among those scattering processes and the optical effects caused by refraction, reflection, and diffraction that were discussed in this chapter? Get solution
5rq. How do some mirages create the appearance of standing water on hot days? Get solution
6c. Can mirages be seen only in the desert? Explain why or why not. Get solution
6ct. Explain why superior mirages do not occur over land on hot, sunny days. Get solution
6rq. Explain why the Sun must be behind you when you see a rainbow. Get solution
7c. Describe the spatial relationship among the Sun, raindrops, and an observer for a primary rainbow. Get solution
7rq. Describe the difference in the way primary and secondary rainbows form. Get solution
8c. What accounts for the fact that a primary rainbow has an angular size of about 85°? Get solution
8rq. Why are rainbow bands concentric circles? Get solution
9c. Why are bands in a rainbow concentric circles rather than some other shape? Get solution
9rq. How does the color pattern of a secondary rainbow differ from that of a primary rainbow? Get solution
10c. What is the relationship between the observer, a cloud, and the Sun when a halo is seen? Get solution
10rq. In addition to refraction, what process must occur within raindrops to produce a rainbow? Get solution
11c. Explain the two sizes of halos. Get solution
11rq. How are sundogs formed? Describe the color patterns associated with them. Get solution
12c. What factors account for the differences among halos, sun dogs, and sun pillars? Get solution
12rq. Describe the formation of sun pillars. Does refraction play a role in their formation? Get solution
13c. What process produces coronas and glories? Explain. Get solution
13rq. Explain how coronas are formed around the Sun or Moon. What factor or factors determine their size? Get solution
14rq. What are glories, and how are they formed? Are they the result of refraction alone or is another process also involved? Get solution
1ct. Consider the way the apparent position of the Sun sweeps across the sky over the course of the day (see Chapter 2). How will the period of twilight vary between summer and winter where you live? Will twilight conditions generally last longer in the tropics or in the high latitudes? After answering this question, go to Question 1 in the Problems and Exercises section and check to see if your answer was correct. Get solution
1. Refer to the website http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/RST_defs.php#top, and look up the definitions of civil, nautical, and astronomical twilight. Then use the available tables to determine the length of day where you live for March 21, June 21, September 21, and December 21 of the current year, Does the length of day show significant differences using each of the three definitions of twilight? How do these differences vary throughout the year? Get solution
1rq. What is refraction and why is it related to variations in atmospheric density? Get solution
1va. Observe the optical phenomenon shown in this image and identify the type of cloud that must be present to create that feature.... Get solution
2c. What direction does light bend if it moves through a medium of varying density? Get solution
2ct. Can falling ice crystals produce rainbows? Explain why or why not. Get solution
2. On hot, sunny days, look for the presence of mirages. Are they equally apparent in all directions? If not, why do you think that might be the case? Also, check to see how long they remain visible. Do they still persist at sunset? Get solution
2rq. Describe the way refraction alters the apparent position of the setting or rising Sun. Get solution
2va. What do you know about the composition of the cloud, based on the presence of this optical feature?... Get solution
3c. At sunset is the Sun above or below the horizon? Explain why. Get solution
3ct. Can altostratus clouds produce halos? Explain why or why not. Get solution
3rq. Do longer or shorter wavelengths of light undergo greater refraction when passing through the atmosphere? How does the differential refraction cause an apparent banding of the Sun near the horizon? Get solution
3va. What type of change in the cloud would be needed for it to produce a corona instead of the existing feature?... Get solution
4c. What accounts for the reddish color of light near sunrise or sunset? Get solution
4ct. Which of the optical phenomena described in this chapter are most likely to occur where you live? Are they equally likely to appear at all times of the year? Get solution
4rq. Which type of vertical temperature gradient promotes the appearance of superior and inferior mirages? Get solution
4va. What conditions would have to exist with regard to the cloud composition and its orientation with regard to a viewer for it to produce a sun pillar?... Get solution
5c. What are inferior mirages and superior mirages? Get solution
5ct. In Chapter 3 we discussed Rayleigh, Mie, and nonselective scattering. What similarities and dissimilarities exist among those scattering processes and the optical effects caused by refraction, reflection, and diffraction that were discussed in this chapter? Get solution
5rq. How do some mirages create the appearance of standing water on hot days? Get solution
6c. Can mirages be seen only in the desert? Explain why or why not. Get solution
6ct. Explain why superior mirages do not occur over land on hot, sunny days. Get solution
6rq. Explain why the Sun must be behind you when you see a rainbow. Get solution
7c. Describe the spatial relationship among the Sun, raindrops, and an observer for a primary rainbow. Get solution
7rq. Describe the difference in the way primary and secondary rainbows form. Get solution
8c. What accounts for the fact that a primary rainbow has an angular size of about 85°? Get solution
8rq. Why are rainbow bands concentric circles? Get solution
9c. Why are bands in a rainbow concentric circles rather than some other shape? Get solution
9rq. How does the color pattern of a secondary rainbow differ from that of a primary rainbow? Get solution
10c. What is the relationship between the observer, a cloud, and the Sun when a halo is seen? Get solution
10rq. In addition to refraction, what process must occur within raindrops to produce a rainbow? Get solution
11c. Explain the two sizes of halos. Get solution
11rq. How are sundogs formed? Describe the color patterns associated with them. Get solution
12c. What factors account for the differences among halos, sun dogs, and sun pillars? Get solution
12rq. Describe the formation of sun pillars. Does refraction play a role in their formation? Get solution
13c. What process produces coronas and glories? Explain. Get solution
13rq. Explain how coronas are formed around the Sun or Moon. What factor or factors determine their size? Get solution
14rq. What are glories, and how are they formed? Are they the result of refraction alone or is another process also involved? Get solution